Hudson / falcon-mamba-instruct

```python from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") # We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"}, ] input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0])) ```

Running the model on a GPU

Click to expand

```python # pip install accelerate from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", device_map="auto") # We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"}, ] input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda") outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0])) ```

Running the model on a GPU using `torch.compile`

Click to expand

```python import torch from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).to(0) model = torch.compile(model) # We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"}, ] input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda") outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0])) ```

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

Click to expand

```python # pip install accelerate import torch from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16) # We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"}, ] input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda") outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0])) ```

4-bit

Click to expand

```python # pip install bitsandbytes accelerate from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", device_map="auto", quantization_config=BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True)) # We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"}, ] input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda") outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0])) ```

Training Details

Training Data

Falcon-Mamba has been trained with ~ 5,500 GT mainly coming from Refined-Web, a large volume web-only dataset filtered and deduplicated. Similar to the others Falcon suite models, Falcon-Mamba has been trained leveraging a multi-stage training strategy to increase the context-length from 2,048 to 8,192. Moreover, inspired by the concept of Curriculum Learning, we carefully selected data mixtures throughout the training stages, considering both data diversity and complexity. Note that at inference the context-length is not relevant as the Mamba architecture has no limit on long range dependency. At the last training stage, small portion of high-quality curated data was used to further enhance performance.

Overall, the data sources included RefinedWeb-English, high quality technical data, code data and math data extracted from public sources. In particular, we used samples coming from Fineweb-edu during our last training stage.

The data was tokenized with the Falcon-7B/11B tokenizer.

After pre-training, the model has been further fine-tuned on instruction data.

Training Procedure

Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on 256 H100 80GB GPUs for the majority of the training, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=1, PP=1, DP=256) combined with ZeRO.

Training Hyperparameters

Hyperparameter	Value	Comment
Precision	`bfloat16`
Optimizer	AdamW
Max learning rate	6.4e-4	Following a WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule
Weight decay	1e-1
Batch size	2048

The model was trained AdamW optimizer, WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule, and a batch size rampup from \(b{\mathrm{min}}=128\) to \(b{\mathrm{max}}=2048\) during first 50 GT of training. In the stable phase we used maximal learning rate \(\eta{\mathrm{max}}=6.4 \times 10^{-4}\), and decayed it to the minimal value \(\eta{\mathrm{min}}=\frac{\eta{\mathrm{max}}}{256}\) with exponential schedule over 500 GT. Also, we applied BatchScaling during the rampup — rescaling learning rate \(\eta\) so that the Adam noise temperature \(T{\mathrm{noise}}\equiv\frac{\eta}{\sqrt{b}}\) is kept constant.

Speeds, Sizes, Times

The model training took roughly two months.

Evaluation

Benchmarks

We evaluate our model on all benchmarks of the new leaderboard’s version using the lm-evaluation-harness package, and then normalize the evaluation results with HuggingFace score normalization.

`model name`	`IFEval`	`BBH`	`MATH LvL5`	`GPQA`	`MUSR`	`MMLU-PRO`	`Average`
*Pure SSM models*
`FalconMamba-7B`	33.36	19.88	3.63	8.05	10.86	14.47	15.04
`TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`^*	22.46	6.71	0.45	1.12	5.51	1.69	6.25
*Hybrid SSM-attention models*
`recurrentgemma-9b`	30.76	14.80	4.83	4.70	6.60	17.88	13.20
`Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`^*	24.06	21.12	3.32	3.03	7.74	16.02	12.55
*Transformer models*
`Falcon2-11B`	32.61	21.94	2.34	2.80	7.53	15.44	13.78
`Meta-Llama-3-8B`	14.55	24.50	3.25	7.38	6.24	24.55	13.41
`Meta-Llama-3.1-8B`	12.70	25.29	4.61	6.15	8.98	24.95	13.78
`Mistral-7B-v0.1`	23.86	22.02	2.49	5.59	10.68	22.36	14.50
`Mistral-Nemo-Base-2407 (12B)`	16.83	29.37	4.98	5.82	6.52	27.46	15.08
`gemma-7B`	26.59	21.12	6.42	4.92	10.98	21.64	15.28

Also, we evaluate our model on the benchmarks of the first leaderboard using lighteval.

`model name`	`ARC`	`HellaSwag`	`MMLU`	`Winogrande`	`TruthfulQA`	`GSM8K`	`Average`
*Pure SSM models*
`FalconMamba-7B`^*	62.03	80.82	62.11	73.64	53.42	52.54	64.09
`TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`^*	51.25	80.85	33.41	71.11	32.08	4.70	45.52
*Hybrid SSM-attention models*
`recurrentgemma-9b`^**	52.00	80.40	60.50	73.60	38.60	42.60	57.95
`Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`^*	56.14	82.23	58.11	79.87	52.88	30.78	60.00
*Transformer models*
`Falcon2-11B`	59.73	82.91	58.37	78.30	52.56	53.83	64.28
`Meta-Llama-3-8B`	60.24	82.23	66.70	78.45	42.93	45.19	62.62
`Meta-Llama-3.1-8B`	58.53	82.13	66.43	74.35	44.29	47.92	62.28
`Mistral-7B-v0.1`	59.98	83.31	64.16	78.37	42.15	37.83	60.97
`gemma-7B`	61.09	82.20	64.56	79.01	44.79	50.87	63.75

Mostly, we took evaluation results from both leaderboards. For the models marked by star we evaluated the tasks internally, while for the models marked by two stars the results were taken from paper or model card.

Throughput

This model can achieve comparable throughput and performance compared to other transformer based models that use optimized kernels such as Flash Attention 2. Make sure to install the optimized Mamba kernels with the following commands:

pip install "causal-conv1d>=1.4.0" mamba-ssm

Refer to our FalconMamba blogpost for more details about performance evaluation.

Technical Specifications

Model Architecture and Objective

Falcon-Mamba-7B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).

The model is based on the Mamba architecture (Gu et al., 2023).

Hyperparameter	Value	Comment
Layers	64	Number of layers
`d_model`	4096	Hidden dimension
`d_state`	16	The SSM state dimension
Vocabulary	65024	Vocabulary Size
Sequence length	8192	During the last training stages

Compute Infrastructure

Hardware

Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on AWS SageMaker, using on average 256 H100 80GB GPUs in 32 p5 instances.

Software

Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on an internal distributed training codebase, Gigatron. It uses a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, high-performance Triton kernels.

Citation

Paper coming soon 😊. In the meanwhile, you can use the following information to cite:

@article{falconmamba,
  title={Falcon Mamba: The First Competitive Attention-free 7B Language Model},
  author={Zuo, Jingwei and Velikanov, Maksim and Rhaiem, Dhia Eddine and Chahed, Ilyas and Belkada, Younes and Kunsch, Guillaume and Hacid, Hakim},
  year={2024}
}

**Model card for FalconMamba Instruct model**

#  Table of Contents

0. [TL;DR](#TL;DR)
1. [Model Details](#model-details)
2. [Usage](#usage)
3. [Training Details](#training-details)
4. [Evaluation](#evaluation)

# TL;DR

# Model Details

## Model Description

- **Developed by:** [https://www.tii.ae](https://www.tii.ae)
- **Model type:** Causal decoder-only
- **Architecture:** Mamba
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Mainly English
- **License:** TII Falcon-Mamba License 2.0

# Usage

Find below some example scripts on how to use the model in `transformers` (Make sure to have the latest transformers, or the one built from source):

## Using the Pytorch model

### Running the model on a CPU

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct")

input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

</details>

### Running the model on a GPU

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

```python
# pip install accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", device_map="auto")

input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

</details>

### Running the model on a GPU using `torch.compile`

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).to(0)

model = torch.compile(model)

# We use the tokenizer's chat template to format each message - see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/chat_templating
messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "How many helicopters can a human eat in one sitting?"},
]
input_text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

</details>

### Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

#### FP16

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

```python
# pip install accelerate
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("tiiuae/falcon-mamba-7b-instruct", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16)

outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

</details>

#### 4-bit

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

```python
# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig

outputs = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=30)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

</details>

# Training Details

## Training Data

Falcon-Mamba has been trained with ~ 5,500 GT mainly coming from [Refined-Web](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb), a large volume web-only dataset filtered and deduplicated.
Similar to the others [Falcon](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) suite models, Falcon-Mamba has been trained leveraging a multi-stage training strategy to increase the context-length from 2,048 to 8,192. 
Moreover, inspired by the concept of Curriculum Learning, we carefully selected data mixtures throughout the training stages, considering both data diversity and complexity. 
Note that at inference the context-length is not relevant as the Mamba architecture has no limit on long range dependency.
At the last training stage, small portion of high-quality curated data was used to further enhance performance.

Overall, the data sources included RefinedWeb-English, high quality technical data, code data and math data extracted from public sources.
In particular, we used samples coming from [Fineweb-edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu) during our last training stage.

The data was tokenized with the Falcon-[7B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-7B)/[11B](https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B) tokenizer.

After pre-training, the model has been further fine-tuned on instruction data.

## Training Procedure
Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on 256 H100 80GB GPUs for the majority of the training, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=1, PP=1, DP=256) combined with ZeRO.

### Training Hyperparameters

| **Hyperparameter** | **Value**  | **Comment**                               |
|--------------------|------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Precision          | `bfloat16` |                                           |
| Optimizer          | AdamW      |                                           |
| Max learning rate  | 6.4e-4     | Following a WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule |
| Weight decay       | 1e-1       |                                           |
| Batch size         | 2048       |                                           |

The model was trained AdamW optimizer, WSD (warmup-stable-decay) learning rate schedule, and a batch size rampup from \\(b_{\mathrm{min}}=128\\) to \\(b_{\mathrm{max}}=2048\\) during first 50 GT of training. 
In the stable phase we used maximal learning rate \\(\eta_{\mathrm{max}}=6.4 \times 10^{-4}\\), and decayed it to the minimal value \\(\eta_{\mathrm{min}}=\frac{\eta_{\mathrm{max}}}{256}\\) with exponential schedule over 500 GT. 
Also, we applied *BatchScaling* during the rampup — rescaling learning rate \\(\eta\\) so that the Adam noise temperature \\(T_{\mathrm{noise}}\equiv\frac{\eta}{\sqrt{b}}\\) is kept constant.

### Speeds, Sizes, Times

The model training took roughly two months.

# Evaluation

## Benchmarks

We evaluate our model on all benchmarks of the new leaderboard's version using the `lm-evaluation-harness` package, and then normalize the evaluation results with HuggingFace score normalization.

| `model name` |`IFEval`| `BBH` |`MATH LvL5`| `GPQA`| `MUSR`|`MMLU-PRO`|`Average`| 
|:--------------------------|:------:|:-----:|:---------:|:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------:|
| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
| `FalconMamba-7B` | 33.36 | 19.88 | 3.63 |8.05 |10.86 | 14.47 |**15.04**|
| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`*| 22.46 | 6.71 | 0.45 | 1.12 | 5.51 | 1.69 | 6.25 |
|***Hybrid SSM-attention models*** | | | | | | |
|`recurrentgemma-9b` | 30.76 | 14.80 | 4.83 | 4.70 | 6.60 | 17.88 | 13.20 |
| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`* | 24.06 | 21.12 | 3.32 | 3.03 | 7.74 | 16.02 | 12.55 |
|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
| `Falcon2-11B` | 32.61 | 21.94 | 2.34 | 2.80 | 7.53 | 15.44 | 13.78 |
| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 14.55 | 24.50 | 3.25 | 7.38 | 6.24 | 24.55 | 13.41 |
| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 12.70 | 25.29 | 4.61 | 6.15 | 8.98 | 24.95 | 13.78 |
| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 23.86 | 22.02 | 2.49 | 5.59 | 10.68 | 22.36 | 14.50 |
| `Mistral-Nemo-Base-2407 (12B)` | 16.83 | 29.37 | 4.98 | 5.82 | 6.52 | 27.46 | 15.08 |
| `gemma-7B` | 26.59 | 21.12 | 6.42 | 4.92 | 10.98 | 21.64 |**15.28**|

Also, we evaluate our model on the benchmarks of the first leaderboard using `lighteval`.

| `model name` |`ARC`|`HellaSwag` |`MMLU` |`Winogrande`|`TruthfulQA`|`GSM8K`|`Average` | 
|:-----------------------------|:------:|:---------:|:-----:|:----------:|:----------:|:-----:|:----------------:|
| ***Pure SSM models*** | | | | | | | |
| `FalconMamba-7B`* | 62.03 | 80.82 | 62.11 | 73.64 | 53.42 | 52.54 | **64.09** |
| `TRI-ML/mamba-7b-rw`* | 51.25 | 80.85 | 33.41 | 71.11 | 32.08 | 4.70 | 45.52 |
|***Hybrid SSM-attention models***| | | | | | | |
| `recurrentgemma-9b`** |52.00 | 80.40 | 60.50 | 73.60 | 38.60 | 42.60 | 57.95 |
| `Zyphra/Zamba-7B-v1`* | 56.14 | 82.23 | 58.11 | 79.87 | 52.88 | 30.78 | 60.00 |
|***Transformer models*** | | | | | | | |
| `Falcon2-11B` | 59.73 | 82.91 | 58.37 | 78.30 | 52.56 | 53.83 | **64.28** |
| `Meta-Llama-3-8B` | 60.24 | 82.23 | 66.70 | 78.45 | 42.93 | 45.19 | 62.62 |
| `Meta-Llama-3.1-8B` | 58.53 | 82.13 | 66.43 | 74.35 | 44.29 | 47.92 | 62.28 |
| `Mistral-7B-v0.1` | 59.98 | 83.31 | 64.16 | 78.37 | 42.15 | 37.83 | 60.97 |
| `gemma-7B` | 61.09 | 82.20 | 64.56 | 79.01 | 44.79 | 50.87 | 63.75 |

Mostly, we took evaluation results from both leaderboards. For the models marked by *star* we evaluated the tasks internally, while for the models marked by two *stars* the results were taken from paper or model card.

## Throughput

```bash
pip install "causal-conv1d>=1.4.0" mamba-ssm
```

Refer to our [FalconMamba blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/falconmamba) for more details about performance evaluation.

# Technical Specifications

## Model Architecture and Objective

Falcon-Mamba-7B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).

The model is based on the Mamba architecture ([Gu et al., 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752)).

| **Hyperparameter** | **Value** | **Comment**                            |
|--------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------|
| Layers             | 64        | Number of layers                       |
| `d_model`          | 4096      | Hidden dimension                       |
| `d_state`          | 16        | The SSM state dimension                |
| Vocabulary         | 65024     | Vocabulary Size                        |
| Sequence length    | 8192      | During the last training stages        |

## Compute Infrastructure

### Hardware

Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on AWS SageMaker, using on average 256 H100 80GB GPUs in 32 p5 instances.

### Software

Falcon-Mamba-7B was trained on an internal distributed training codebase, Gigatron. It uses a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, high-performance Triton kernels.

# Citation

*Paper coming soon* 😊. In the meanwhile, you can use the following information to cite: 
```
@article{falconmamba,
  title={Falcon Mamba: The First Competitive Attention-free 7B Language Model},
  author={Zuo, Jingwei and Velikanov, Maksim and Rhaiem, Dhia Eddine and Chahed, Ilyas and Belkada, Younes and Kunsch, Guillaume and Hacid, Hakim},
  year={2024}
}
```

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Hudson / falcon-mamba-instruct

The latest and greatest model of the Falcon LLM series.

Readme

Table of Contents

TL;DR

Model Details

Model Description

Usage

Using the Pytorch model

Running the model on a CPU

Running the model on a GPU

Running the model on a GPU using torch.compile

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

4-bit

Training Details

Training Data

Training Procedure

Training Hyperparameters

Speeds, Sizes, Times

Evaluation

Benchmarks

Throughput

Technical Specifications

Model Architecture and Objective

Compute Infrastructure

Hardware

Software

Citation

Running the model on a GPU using `torch.compile`